Following your register no, students are to research on each of the five causes of the Northern Ireland Conflict. They are to do an online research and submit at least 3 paragraphs on one cause they're assigned to:
- Reg 01-05: Divided loyalties
- Reg 06-09: Unequal allocation of housing
- Reg 10-13: Unequal employment opportunities
- Reg 14-17: Lack of voting rights
- Reg 18-21: Lack of opportunities for social interaction
Deadline: Friday (Aug 15) by 4pm sharp.
Your posting will be graded!
Mr Syed
18 comments:
Lim Wen Yan(9) 3A2
cause:unequal allocation of housing
The Catholics and Protestants see themselves as two different groups.There are more Protestants than Catholics.
Another grievance of the Irish Catholics is the provision public housing by city councils.These public houses are partly paid by the government.Public housing are looked after by city councils which are mainly Protestants.
The Catholics in Northern Ireland find the allocation of public housing by the government to be unfair.Large Catholic families in need of housing have to wait for a long time to get a house very often.More local houses were given to Protestants.Large Catholic families in need of housing are delayed in getting their houses.The Catholics were frustrated as the shortage of houses meant they would have to wait many years before they were given their own houses.
Jocelyn Chew(7) 3A2
(Unequal allocation of housing)
Protestants, as the majority group, were more likely than Catholics to live among people of the same religion.
17% of Catholic households compared with 7% of Protestant households have fewer bedrooms than the standard.The proportion of Housing Executive tenants with extra space is higher among Protestant households (59%) than among Catholic households (45%).
Therefore,this shows that Protestant families within the public sector tend to have a higher quality of accommodation than Catholic families.
The way in which rehoused families are distributed between household types varies considerably between those going to Protestant and Catholic estates.
Unequal Allocation of Housing
The Unequal Allocation of housing cause the Catholics have to wait a long time before they could own a house . More houses are given to the Protestants than the Catholics. The Catholics felt frustrated as the shortage of houses meant that they would have to wait for many years before they could own their own houses .
Recent figures show that in the year 2002-2003 , the percentage of Catholics on the Housing Executive waiting list for a house was 44%, yet only 28% of those actually allocated a house were Catholic – a 16% “under-allocation” gap.
Whereas Protestants represented 43%of those on the waiting list , Protestants represented 64% of those actually allocated a house – an “over-allocation” gap of 21%.
Therefore , this makes the Catholics frustrated and resulting in hatred therefore causing a conflict.
Goh Ming Xia (6)
3A2
The rate of unemployment has been substantially higher among Catholics than among Protestants in Northern Ireland for many years. Over the period 197 1-1985, Catholic men were about two and a half times as likely as Protestant men to be unemployed.
As the overall rates of unemployment rose from the 1970s onwards, the difference in unemployment rates between the two groups was maintained, and more Catholics than Protestants failed to find work. In the period 1975-83 Smith and Chambers estimated that the proportion of Protestant men who were unemployed rose by 8% and the proportion of Catholic men by 18%. Estimated overall male unemployment rates for the period 1983-85 were 14.9% for Protestants and 35.1% for Catholics.
Unemployment was higher in the 1980s than the 1970s, but the scale of differential between Protestants and Catholics was such that Catholics continued to experience rates twice those of Protestants (men two times greater, women two times greater). This applied to all areas and all age groups. Because Catholics mostly choose not to seek employment in the security services, this factor needs to be considered in accounting for differential rates of employment
Done, (: . Jiamang,Reg 1o.
Divided Loyalties
There was a conflict between the Catholics and Protestants was mainly because of the difference in political beliefs.
The Protestants see themselves as British and want the country to be part of United Kingdom. They do not want a union with the Republic of Ireland and fear that a Catholic government may not be tolerant of their beliefs.
The Catholics see themselves as Irish and want to be reunited with the Republic of Ireland. But they still resent the history of English conquest where they were either killed or treated harshly. This makes the Protestants and Catholics intolerant of each other.
Pung Min Qi Chloe (4)
3A2
Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland; Lack of Voting Rights.
From Textbook;
• Before 1969, voting rights was an issues between the Protestants and the Catholics.
• Only those who owned houses and businesses were entitled to vote in the local government elections.
• Each household was entitled to two votes while companies were entitled to more votes depending on their sizes.
• The voting system was unfair to the poorer Catholics population.
• The Catholics protested against the voting system.
• Since 1969, everyone is entitled to one vote as long as he is a British citizen above 18 years old. He has to be born in Northern Ireland or has lived in United Kingdom for seven years.
From Online Research;
• I think the most important reason for tensions between the 2 groups were unfair voting rights. With unfair voting rights it means that the Catholics are seems to be the second class in the country, and so it is not fair to them. So I think that unfair voting right is the most important tension between them.
Wan Ching 3A2
The divided loyalties in Northern Ireland is that Protestants and Catholics distrust one another in political beliefs.
The Protestants considered themselves as British and wish the country remain part of United Kingdom, to the point that they’d threatened to start a civil war at the prospect of being abandoned to the Irish. Ulster’s capital, Belfast, was the world’s leader in shipbuilding, linen and rope making in Britain that United Kingdom cannot lose Ulster. The Protestants were also terrified that Catholic government may not be tolerant of their Protestant beliefs.
On the other hand, Catholics considered themselves as Irish and wish to be reunited with Republic of Ireland. They resent the history of English conquest where Catholics were either massacred or treated harshly. Exmaple, they never had anything to begin with, so the loss of industry didn’t hit them as hard. The Catholics’ already impoverished circumstances were getting worse. There were more Catholics, and they were getting angrier. They also remember the long struggle for Home Rule.
This sense of loyalty to different countires make Protestants and Catholics intolerant of each other .
The cause of the conflict in northern ireland which one of them is "lack of opportunities for social interaction" has teaches me about the northern ireland has bascially separate into two country that is called 'British" and"Irish" because of the education system in northern ireland has been set to separate them into Protestants and Catholics.
according to the internet information,they said that the british people educate their people in believing and pledge loyalty toward British and same goes to the Irish people.They were taught different like having different sport and eduacion in term of their country.they would force to learn something that when they come out of the school,they only know about their own country history wheresle they do not know ehat is the other country history.
people from other side treat the other country as they would not originally belong to here and they were the one belong to here.until now some part of the northern ireland still have conflict but not so serious as they both agree on some term of condition or agreement and with this agreement ,there are less died and killed peolple year by year until now.
By:Alvin lee wei jian(20)
Class:3A2
Lack of opportunities for social interaction
-----Education system-----
In Northern Ireland-There is fully-funded public schools for Protestants only while partly funded private schools for Catholics only.Protestant children are taught British history,played British sports and very loyal to the British example sing the British national anthem.Catholics children are taught Irish history,language and culture.They also played Irish sports.
Education too was an area where Catholics felt bitterly that the system established by the Education Act NI of 1930 had been tailored by Protestant pressure, producing a state education system which was in fact Protestant, and forcing Catholic schools to find 50% of the cost of education.
----Separate residential areas-----
Catholics and Protestants live in separate residential area.In Belfast 1991, 63% of the population in that area is mainly Catholic or Protestant.In 2001, it had risen to 66%,reducing the chance for social interaction.
Siti Syahidah Binte Zainudin (18)
3A2
14 August 2008
Another causes of conflict between the protestants and catholics in northern ireland is the employment opportunites for jobs. This is because they been treated unfairly, as they prefered protestants more than the catholics and that makes the catholics having difficulties in finding jobs that are available. Therefore, Catholic employment tended toward the lower end of the job market. Catholics were employed predominantly in unskilled and lower-paying jobs, such as clothing manufacture and textiles while the Protestants, on the other hand, dominated the relatively higher-paid areas of shipbuilding and engineering.
Catholics also tended to work in industries (e.g., construction) that were more sensitive to economic downturns and, therefore, more likely to layoff workers during periods of economic recession.There are also several other factors account for this disparity between employment in the two communities, including policies that affected the location of new industries through zoning and tax incentives and those that encouraged placement of industries in areas difficult or dangerous for Catholics to reach. Discrimination was also sanctioned and promoted by officials.
The Catholics were effectively banned from employment in many instances. When word spread among the Catholic community that a company would hire only Protestants, most often Catholics would simply stop applying.
Name: Nur Atikah (13)
Class: 3A2 (:
Lack of opportunities for social interaction is considered to be one of the five main causes for the Northern Ireland Conflict; and the main contributor for the lack of chances to interaction socially will be the inefficient educational system.
The Educational System of Northern Ireland is unique in the sense that the heart of the system is governed by the Department of Education and this body is further being supported locally by five Education and Library Boards. Education is compulsory for children aged between 4 and 16 years; during which, at the age of 11, it will be a turning point for the students as that is the time which their primary education ends and to proceed on to a higher level of education. The situation in Northern Ireland is that each child, when they finished their primary education, they are provided the choice to choose either to further their study in grammar schools or secondary school regardless if he/she is a Protestant or a Catholic. Whereas, in other European countries, during the last year of the primary education, the students are to sit for a transfer test to judge if the grammar school or the secondary school will be the more appropriate choice for the individual.
The state (controlled) schools in Northern Ireland are fully funded by the Education and Library Boards and managed through Boards of Governors’. The schools are opened to all the children in Northern Ireland, but majority of the students are those from either the Protestant or whom with non-religious backgrounds. There is a separate publicly funded school system provided mainly for the Roman Catholics. These “Private Schools” are under the Roman Catholic or non-denominational management and they receive aided-grant from the Department of Education as well. Schools where the curriculum is taught through the Irish language are also being categorised in this sector. Basically there are no restrictions in the sense that Roman Catholics are free to attend the state schools, while the non-Roman Catholics are able to attend Roman Catholic schools too.
There are also voluntary grammar schools which may be under either Roman Catholic or non-denominational management. Meantime, there is an increasing number of integrated schools which aim to educate both the Protestant and Roman Catholic children. These integrated schools have the support from the start financially and are formed to help to mediate the conflict between the Protestant and Catholics. In summary, there are a total of 77 Integrated Schools, which breaks down into 19 Integrated Second Level Colleges, 39 Integrated Primary Schools, and 19 Integrated Nursery Schools, which most of them are currently linked to primary schools. To pen off, due to the existence of these integrated school, both the Protestant and Roman Catholic children will have the opportunities to interact and communicate with one and other and to get to know each other better.
LACK OF VOTING RIGHTS.
Protestant mobs attacked Catholic communities and hundreds of homes were burned and destroyed. Overwhelmed, the police sided with their Protestant brethren and the IRA resurfaced to defend Catholics. British troops were sent into the province and have never left.voting rights was an issue between protestants and catholics. only those who owned houses or businesses were entitled to vote in local government elections.each household were entitled to 2 votes. and companies were entitled to more votes depending on the size. however, since many businesses were owned by richer protestants,they ended up with more votes. the voting system was unfiar to the poorer catholics. catholics were the most unhappy that voting disticts were often drawn up to include a larger proportion of protestants.
shannenlee(17)
3a2
*sorry mr syed, could not find much information on the lack of voting rights through the internet.so got some of the information from the text book instead. hope you don't mind, tried my best to look for information.=) sorry.
ShI yUn(11) ;3A2
The Catholics and Protestants see themselves as two different groups.This lack of common idetity further prevented understanding and cooperation between them.Due to the religious differences between the two groups,it has create tension between them.
This is one of the factors that caused the Northern Ireland conflict.
One of the causes of conflict in Northern Ireland is the lack of voting rights,which i am assigned to do.Now I am going to elaborate more on the lack of voting rights.
Before 1969,voting rights was an issure between the Protestants and the Catholics.At that time,only those who owned houses and businesses were entitle to vote inthe local government elections.Each household was entitled to two votes only while companies were entitled to more votes depeding on their size and whether is it successful a not.
Since many companies were owned by the richer Protestants,they ended up having entitled with more votes.Therefore,the voting system was unfair to the poorer Catholic population.In addition to that,the Catholics were most unhppy that voting districts were often drawn up to include a larger proportion of Protestants.This result in the Catholics protested against the voting system,creating tensions everywhere by burning Protestants owned properties.There were fighting going on out there too.
Eventually,in 1969,everyone is entitled to one vote as long as he is a British citizen above 18 years old.He has to be born in Northern Ireland or has lived in United Kingdom for seven years.The voting districs were also redrawn to ensure fairness.Thus,discriminities and fighting slowly redrawn also.
Reasearch On Lack Of Voting Rights
Rozana 3A2 (16)
The summer of 1969 was characterized by heavy clashes in Northern Ireland. They had nothing to do with religion. The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) had demanded an end to discrimination against Catholics in terms of voting rights, housing and employment. Only home owners were allowed to vote in local elections at the time, and they were mainly Protestant.
Many of them were prepared to defend their privileges using violence. Their militias, which were supported by the almost exclusively Protestant police, raided Catholic neighborhoods until their inhabitants built barricades. On Aug. 14, 1969, the government in London sent troops into Northern Ireland in order to separate the two sides.
- http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,497440,00.html
As discrimination in housing had been a major grievance, control of all public housing allocation was transferred from local council authorities to a regional authority, and voting reforms were introduced i.e. house ownership was no longer deemed a prerequisite for voting rights, and the multiple vote given to business owners was abolished, as both of these had effectively discriminated against Catholics. Local council boundaries were redrawn more accurately to represent the reality of citizen distribution, and a proportional representation system of voting was introduced which increased nationalist chances of gaining power where their numbers were substantial enough, and increased the number of councils under nationalist control.
- http://www.gppac.net/documents/pbp_f/part1/7_changi.htm
Much of the population of Northern Ireland identifies with one of two different ideologies, unionist (who want the region to remain part of the United Kingdom) and nationalist (who want a united Ireland). Unionists are predominantly protestant, most of whom belong to the Presbyterian Church in Ireland or the Church of Ireland. Nationalists are predominantly Irish Catholic. However, not all Catholics support nationalism, and not all Protestants support unionism. It is also important to note that, in parallel with other parts of Europe, the proportion of the population practising their religious beliefs has fallen dramatically in recent decades, particularly among Catholics and adherents of mainstream Protestant denominations. This has not necessarily resulted in a weakening of communal feeling.
Once established under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, Northern Ireland was structured geographically to guarantee a unionist majority in its government. In local government the significantly nationalist area of Derry produced a Unionist majority through the gerrymandering of the electoral ward. Ironically, when the issue of gerrymandering was addressed in 1973, the changing of the electoral wards favoured Unionism. Anger at local government control by unionists, and the alleged awarding of social housing to Protestants to ensure unionist majorities in areas with large Catholic populations, was a significant factor in the creation of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in the 1960s, with a sit-in by nationalist politician Austin Currie in a house granted to a 19-year old single Protestant woman (who worked for the Ulster Unionist Party) ahead of a large homeless Catholic family triggering off the movement.This was the only known documented case of this having happened. As Currie himself said at the time, "If I had waited a thousand years, I'd never get a better case than this one."
The number of people claiming to be Roman Catholic in the Northern Ireland census has steadily increased, though has slowed somewhat in recent decades. By contrast, the number of people claiming to be Presbyterian and Church of Ireland in the census has decreased. Statisticians predict both communities will achieve close to parity in size, with Protestants dominant primarily to the east and north of Northern Ireland and Catholics dominant to the west and south. Some foresee an eventual Catholic majority (albeit slight) However as of 2005 most statisticians predict that Protestants will continue to slightly outnumber Catholics in Northern Ireland as a whole for some time to come. Others claim that the rise in immigration into Northern Ireland coupled with rising number of (mainly younger) people alienated from both religion and the political process could bring about a "no overall control" situation.
The religious affiliations, based on census returns, have changed as follows between 1961 and 2002
Hussein bin Abdullah(31)3A2
Divided Loyalties
The difference between the Protestants and Catholics is that both groups have different political beliefs.
Most of the Protestants see themselves as British and wish to see the country remain as part of the United Kingdom.However,many of them do not want a union with the Republic of Ireland,a Catholic country,as they fear that the government may not be tolerate of their Protestant beliefs.
The Catholics see themselves as Irish.They want to be reunited with the Republic of Ireland.But,they still resent the history of English conquest where they were either killed or treated harshly.
Thus,this makes the Protestants and Catholics intolerant of each other.
Adelyn Hang(01)3A2
lacking in social interection.
the catholics and the protestants are seperated from each other to "prevent conflict" but it only cause more friction between the 2 religious groups due to the lack of sicial interection.
from some sources, the catholics are willing to interect with the protestants however they are unable to due to not seeing each other or the protestants are against it, to a point that they consider thoes who talk to catholics names saying whats-nots about them
Armand (21)
3a2
Koh Ling Li(8) 3A2
(Unequal allocation of housing)
One grievance of Irish Catholics is provision of public housing by city councils which are partly paid by the government. Partly of the councils are made of Protestants. Catholics in Nothern Ireland felt that government was unfair for the allocation of public housing. Large Catholic families requires long time to get their own house which needs around years of time. And in towns, houses were given to Protestants rather than Catholics.
This bias was preserved by unequal allocation of council houses to Protestant families. Catholic areas also received less government investment than their Protestant neighbours.
Ireland Protestants imposed Penal Laws on Catholics: No carrying of weapons, no ownship of horses, restricted rights to education, no buying land ,no votes Resentment & hostility between Catholics & Protestants built up.
Catholics feel that allocation of subsidised public housing for Protestants is unfair. The town councils is mainly made up of Protestants. Catholic families have to wait longer time to get a house. Protestants was given priority and it contributes to feelings of unfairness & discrimination.
In towns where the Unionits have a slender majority, they consolidate their postion by the use of gerrymandered wards, whereby they conbert a paper minority into a majority by its means. The town is divided into wards, frequently three in number. In the two smaller Unionist warts, the electors are thinly spread and allocated the same number of councillors per ward as the anti-Unionists who are crammed into the third ward, and given the same number of councillors.
But the government had sponsered body in Northern Ireland too, the Housing Trust which builds house for letting. It mixes the religions whereby Protestants and Catholics live together in aminty, they have healtier attitude to each other. The Trust selects better-off people since they make more stable tenants and the most needy being thereby passed oever.
The Trust is not blameless of occasionally practicing religious discrimination. It often than not it re-lets to people of the same religion as the old tenants, and not solely on need.
Catholics may be on housing waiting lists for up to twelve years or longer, while Protestands can often choose their council house and have it allocated before they are married. Housing injustices such as this cause great bitterness at local level, and the unchristian way the least influential and articulate members of the Catholic population have been squeezed out over the past forty-eight or more years.
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